Analysis Of The Poem Yeats - 873 Words

Yeats has composed an effectively concise poem of only twelve lines in iambic pentameter. Iambic pentameter is harnessed to replicate human speech patterns; as if the four rhetorical questions are being posed to the reader from the speaker. The romantic and personal content of this poem creates a certain level of intimacy the reader will feel with Yeats. With a simple ABABCDCDEFEF rhyming structure there is a crucial lack of rhyming couplets (often used to accentuate a couple s closeness). Therefore a distance is already established between the speaker and their subject. Additionally, Yeats creates the emotional response to this poem by exploring historical, personal, political and classical mythological elements. Yet, at the very foreground this is a love poem, and the underlying focus on love makes this poem a typical lyric. It is important to consider the historical context of this poem. Rather, whom Yeats intended it to be aimed at. The object of Yeats affection during the period this poem was written is Irish Feminist and Revolutionary Maud Gonne; she was to be his muse and the catalyst of his poetic yearnings1. However, Gonne never accepted Yeats multiple marriage proposals which evidently (through his writings) was a great source of grief for Yeats. Furthermore, Yeats establishes a binary opposition between the speaker and the subject. The speaker who condemns the subject s vicious beauty a kind That is not natural in an age like this, is presented as a manShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Yeats Poem Essay769 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis: â€Å"How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim Soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face.†(Yeats, 1893). This sentence is picked up from ‘When you are old’, a love poem written by an Irish poet called William Butler Yeats. Although he was tortured by the unrequited love, he still strongly expressed his admire to the only love of his life (Poetry foundation, 2016). In the first lineRead More Analysis of William Butler Yeats Poems Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of William Butler Yeats Poems; When You Are Old, The Lake Isle of Innisfree, The Wild Swans at Coole, The Second Coming and Sailing to Byzantium In many poems, short stories, plays, television shows and novels an author usually deals with a main idea in each of their works. A main reason they do this is due to the fact that they either have a strong belief in that very idea or it somehow correlates to an important piece of their life overall. For example the author ThomasRead More An Analysis of the Poem A Prayer for My Daughter by William Butler Yeats1552 Words   |  7 PagesPrayer for My Daughter is a poem written by William Butler Yeats in 1919. This poem is a prayer-like poem. And it generally tells about the poets ideas about his daughter who is sleeping at the same time while the poem is being told. Throughout the poem Yeats reflects how he wants his daughters future to be. This essay will analyze the poem in three sections: 1- What does this poem mean?, 2- The poetic devices, imagery, rhyming, figures of speech, used in the poem and mood, diction, languageRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Song Of Wanderin g Aengus By William Butler Yeats2050 Words   |  9 PagesYeats: Youthful Desires â€Å"To burn with desire and keep quiet about it is the greatest punishment we can bring on ourselves.† – Federico Garcia Lorca (Blood Wedding) William Butler Yeats was not a man to keep quiet about his passions. He expresses his need for more than just reality throughout his poems, longing for the youthful desires of his heart. Yeats often talks about escaping reality and shifting to a realm of fantasy in which his deepest thoughts are brought forth. He reveals his unrequitedRead MoreAnalysis of 6 poems on the topic, Hidden messages. contains poems by hughes, mcauley, strand, dobson, yeats, williams.1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bystander - Rosemary Dobson The Bystander describes the significance of the insignificant characters in paintings. The speaker in the poem is that figure painted behind/beside the subjects of artworks, where he/it speaks out of its existence to us: in the form of a wing, a squire, a distant figure or part of a crowd. This insignificant character reflects upon several scenes he/it has stood in, such as the two slaughter of Innocents (i.e. the murder of infants from both Old and New TestamentRead MoreAnalysis on To Ireland in the Coming Times1608 Words   |  7 PagesMarch 5th, 2013 Analysis of â€Å"To Ireland In The Coming Times† Yeats is known as an influential poet of the 20th century. His love and affection for Ireland and his people can be seen in many of his poems. In â€Å"To Ireland in the coming times† Yeats passion for Ireland and the revolution against Britain at the time can be seen in his writing. Ireland was undergoing a transition from a nation under British rule to a nation of its own with an identity. Many poets, Yeats included, helped fuel thisRead MoreWilliam Butler Yeats The Second Coming1011 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Butler Yeats The Second Coming, the poet makes phrases such as; â€Å"the best lack of conviction of stony sleep (19) and the falcon cannot hear the falconer (2). The phrases are useful in suggesting various thematic concerns of the poem as well asserting separation of ideas and events that occur during the time when Yeats is writing his work. Different interpretations of the stanzas may bring a connection of the antagonism of people and events that Yeats for esees. For instance, the falconRead MoreThe Second Coming by William Yeats1288 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Butler Yeats, a multitalented individual won the Nobel Prize in 1923. Born the son of a well known Irish painter and religious skeptic had many influences in his life. Eventually, he converted to Paganism from Christianity. He is till this day considered one of the greatest poets that ever lived. To understand the meaning of William Butler Yeats poem The Second Coming, you must first understand the difference between Christianity and Paganism. Yeats was raised as a Christian and turnedRead More THE SECOND COMING BY WILLIAM YEATS Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pages William Butler Yeats, a multitalented individual won the Nobel Prize in 1923. Born the son of a well known Irish painter and religious skeptic had many influences in his life. Eventually, he converted to Paganism from Christianity. He is till this day considered one of the greatest poets that ever lived. To understand the meaning of William Butler Yeats poem â€Å"The Second Coming†, you must first understand the difference between Christianity and Paganism. Yeats was raised as a Christian and turnedRead More Analysis of Leda and the Swan Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Leda and the Swan. Greek mythology. Analysis of Leda and the Swan. Greek mythology has, throughout history, been the subject of much debate and interpretation. Conjuring up images of bloody battles and crumbling cities, its descriptions of the epic battle between good and evil still have remarkable relevance and continue to resonate with poignancy in our bleak, war-torn society. The poem Leda and the Swan, written by William Butler Yeats, attempts to shed new light on what

The Hierarchical System Of Social Classification Used...

The hierarchical system of social classification used during the medieval periods, generated considerable class tensions between people of more privileged status and those with lesser. Some peasants, townspeople, women, and university students all campaigned through diverse methodology to challenge the authorities that governed them. The dualistic society the medieval culture was based on formed the tensions within society. Specifically, good versus evil, rich versus poor, man versus woman, civilized versus uncivilized, and master versus slave. The ruling nobility and church officials used intimidating means of violence, aggression, and coercion to dominate the perceived lower classes. To contest oppression, the groups associated with commonality challenged the ruling classes to have the opportunity to influence and assert authority within their own lives. Specifically, people of common class status utilized violence, rebellion, and dissidence to combat persecution from the e lite groups. This paper will argue the townspeople, peasants, women, and university students, strived for upward social mobility within their political class system, by challenging the sociological and theological contracts of their respective eras. . The ethics and morals of the men constructing medieval society laws were heavily based within church doctrine. The difference in class structure in medieval society were formalized by the privileged authorities ideals and values. The methodsShow MoreRelatedBritish Impact on India10478 Words   |  42 Pagesand how it would function politically and socially. These structures of caste provided upper-caste Hindus with a privileged social and political position backed by religious dogma. The presence of the British, under the British East India Company from 1600-1857 , and the British Crown from 1858 until 1947, had been a major influence in defining Indias political and social structures. This British influence shaped Indian caste based politics by strengthening caste identity, playing different casteRead MoreMotivation Factors in Dark Tourism13274 Words   |  54 Pagesis a good example of a dark tourism attraction. It stands as a monument to the memory of those held captive, tortured and killed in the building under the Nazi and the Communist reigns during and after the Second World War. Opened on February 24th in 2002, the museum reveals the horrors of the two cruellest systems of the 20th century with the purpose to draw peoples attention to understanding the sacrifice for the freedom in Hungary – and giving the visitor a possibility to contemplate the balanceRead MoreSantrock Edpsych Ch0218723 Words   |  75 Pageslanguage develop? What is the best way to teach students to communicate verbally? PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Exploring How Children Develop Language Development Developmental Why Studying Issues Children’s Development Processes, Is Important Periods, and Stages Physical Development and Health Growth in Childhood Pubertal Changes Child Health and Education 32 What Is Language? Biological and Environmental Influences Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory Vygotsky’s Theory Case’s Neo-PiagetianRead MoreThe Historical Transformation of Work14383 Words   |  58 Pageshistory of human societies, it is only in the recent past that work has become synonymous with regular paid employment, a separate sphere of specialized economic activity for which one receives payment. Thus, the current conception of work is a modern social construction, the product of specific historical conditions that are typically denoted by the term ‘industrial capitalism’. The first part of this term indicates that work is a productive activity involving machines powered by inanimate energy sourcesRead MoreEmilio Jacintos Trading Cooperative19425 Words   |  78 Pagesresources IN 49 Chapter 7 Cooperative financial management PRACTICES 39 Chapter 6 Cooperative roles, responsibilities, and communication 27 Chapter 5 Alternative business models in the United States PRINCIPLES 15 Chapter 4 Cooperative classification Contents Publication notes ï  ± 89 THE 21ST CENTURY i Publication notes This publication is the fourth and most extensive revision of the Marvin A. Schaars’ text, Cooperatives, Principles and Practices, University of Wisconsin Extension—MadisonRead MoreAdl 01 - Principles and Practices of Management Study Material.Pdf Uploaded Successfully30836 Words   |  124 Pagespeople capable of joint performance by giving them common goals and values, the right environment in which to operate, and the ongoing training so that they can perform and respond to change. Organizations can be defined as, ―a consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goalsâ€â€". Firstly, each organization has a distinctive purpose. This is the goal or objective that the organization hopes to accomplishRead MoreKfc Marketing Strategies20155 Words   |  81 Pagesprocess and you have signed your option agreement, you have eight months to begin construction and one year to open for business. Who will build my restaurant? Will you provide plans and an equipment list? 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Reviewing and approving, market risk limits, including triggers or stop losses for traded and accrual por tfolios. Ensuring robustness of financial models and the effectiveness of all systems used to calculate market risk. Liquidity risk is the potential inability to meet the bank’s liabilities as they become due and are managed through caps on the net asset calculations in the various time buckets. Interest rate risk is the risk where changesRead MoreIslamic Way of warfare23558 Words   |  95 PagesQaeda is truly Islamic or not. This thesis identifies that Islam does not dictate minor tactical matters of warfare, rather focuses its guidance on warfare in two broad categories: the just cause for waging war, and limited restrictions on conduct during the war. Using this two part test of â€Å"Cause† and â€Å"Conduct,† the thesis shows that though Al Qaeda deem to have an authentic Islamic cause to wage war against USA and Western countries, because of its violation of guidelines in conduct, it ceases

Customer Service in the Transport Logistics Free Essays

string(117) " to address some of the issues within the transport industry, though there is still much that needs to be addressed\." The South African transport industry is one that is changing. In terms of Customer service there are certain companies that are excelling and are able to provide service that gains them a greater measure of customer satisfaction. Good customer service is an integral part of any business or organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Service in the Transport Logistics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The process of managing stock, warehouse inventory, and freight transportation is at the heart of logistics. Logistics is the management and coordination of moving inventory from its origination to its ultimate destination. The goal of a logistics team is to find a way to do this process in the most streamlined, cost efficient method possible. The overall High costs in the logistics industry though are a cause for concern as they hinder the ability of organisations to provide maximum efficiency, to their customers thus not achieving maximum customer service. We will discuss what customer service is and its importance in the transport industry. We will look at the challenges facing the South African Transport industry as well as current developments going into the world cup and what these developments mean for the future of the South African transport industry. Customer Service is defined by Vogt and Pienaar as â€Å"the integrated series of activities between a supplier and a buyer, which enhance the sale and facilitate the effective use of the suppliers’ products. When rendered effectively, customer service is the overriding logistics supply chain function that can create demand and retain loyalty. In a broader sense customer service is the measure of how well the logistics system is performing in providing time and place utility for a product or service (Pienaar Vogt; 2009, 25). According to Christopher and Peck (2003) customer service includes points of contact between a supplier and buyer also including tangible and intangible elements. Logistics performance is extremely important in achieving customer satisfaction. Importance of Customer service The importance of customer service in any organisation and the transport industry as a whole cannot be over emphasized. Customer service is the most critical aspect of the whole supply and distribution chain (Ron). According to Karl it has been proven in surveys that most customers do not come back to certain business establishment because of the indifferences they might have had with the owner, manager and employees regardless if they like the product or service the business renders. Every business management must recognize the reality that customer service is imperative in the success of the business. This ensures customer loyalty and commitment to the business. The company’s ability to focus on customers needs rather than on their own will ensure that company is cost effective and efficient at all times. Characteristics of customer service in transportation There are a number of factors that make up customer service and specifically for the transport industry these include, dependability, time in transit, flexibility of mode chosen, loss and damage performance of the mode, and ability of the transport to adapt to the changing customer needs. (Craig, 2004) Most customers are more interested about receiving their delivered goods on time than whether the person delivering the goods has a cheerful face. Successful companies try to under-promise and over deliver in terms of delivery time. This allows the firms to capture their customers ensuring that the company’s reputation is not jeopardized so firms need to ensure that their lead times are accurate. Customer service excellence is about reliability and consistency. Reliability means that the suppliers commitment to maintain a promised delivery schedule and to advise customers if deliveries subsequently cannot be made on time. This shows that the suppliers are reliable and keep the customer at ease. It is better to switch to a more expensive but reliable supplier than to rely on a relatively inexpensive but erratic supplier. Customer satisfaction is highest when a customer knows they can rely on their goods to be delivered at the specified time and that the goods will be delivered. Companies such as Manline offer customers the service of being able to track their goods in transit through a customer call centre where they can monitor their cargo through real time satellite tracking of their vehicles. Such services allow customers to be more at ease. In South Africa overall this is a concern in the transport industry as the rate of hijacking is high and thus the risk of goods not arriving is high. This means that in South Africa it is imperative that an organisation gets the best security technology in order to meet customer needs. The amount of time in-transit is another important element in customer service within the transport industry. Goods need to be transported and delivered as quickly as possible as customers need their cargo on hand as soon as possible. The flexibility of any mode of transport is another important element in customer service. If an organisation is to provide the best service they need to react to a customer’s changing needs. In the South African transport industry it is sometimes difficult for there to be immediate changes in customer requirements as the most used mode of transportation is road transportation. This means that service delivery in any other form is sometimes difficult or unreliable. The idea is to move goods as quickly, efficiently and cost effectively as possible. JIT (Just-In-Time) deliveries are a powerful force in the modern epoch. Deliveries are getting smaller but more frequent. We are moving into a situation where there is a continuous flow of goods from source to final delivery. Those carriers who are able to adapt to the changes in the market and accommodate a wide set of logistical competencies will be the winners in the new age of transport. Traditional haulers must change their ideas of what industry they belong to and face the challenges of the new order. Fast-moving, 2005) Challenges affecting customer service in South Africa Within the last couple of years the country has been able to address some of the issues within the transport industry, though there is still much that needs to be addressed. You read "Customer Service in the Transport Logistics" in category "Papers" There have been various challenges that have and still face South Africa’s growing transportation and physical distribution industry. One of those challeng es is that with increased globalization the local industry has to compete with foreign industry. Customers want the most reliable yet inexpensive way of transporting their goods and foreign companies are doing this, making it difficult for local companies to stay relevant. Another major challenge which has been addressed to an extent by some companies and aspects of the transport industry is that of technology. Customers want to know the exact specifications of the transportation of their goods. They want to know time of departure, time of arrival, amount of time in transit, and even the route of transit. This then means that the best tracking technology is required. In South Africa this high technology has been slow in infiltrating the transport industry. Devices for tracking and monitoring load carriers using real time satellite tracking is not something that is widely used in the industry. A good example of a company that is doing this though is Manline . This Company has set up a 24-hour control centre operated by fleet trackers that constantly monitor all vehicles and also to apply effective route rationalizing techniques and maximize vehicle productivity and utilization. (Manline 2010). According to the findings of the ‘Research Report for the Infrastructure Inputs Sector Strategy’, commissioned by the Presidency, and compiled by Sudeo International Business consultants. One of the other major challenges facing the South African Transportation industry going into 2010 is that freight volumes travelling by all modes of transport will have to be suppressed for the duration of the world cup. This will have considerable impact on the logistics industry as a whole. Ways to improve and Developments in 2010 The challenges that face the South African industry are ones that can be remedied. The 2010 World cup in South Africa has become a catalyst event in developments in the country and the transportation industry as it is one of the most integral parts of achieving efficient customer delivery and thus achieving high customer satisfaction. An important component of ultimate improvement would be making on-time deliveries every time. When a product is ready for use, the clock starts to count down how long it will take to complete the cycle from completing the manufacturing of a product to the consumption of that product. The longer it takes to get the product into the hands of the consumer, the more money a company loses. It is important that the products are delivered quickly and on time to the customers in order to maintain the company’s customers and keep them loyal. So how does one streamline this process? By implementing a logistics plan of action, a company can do just that. Larger manufacturers will hire a logistics team that is responsible for the routing of goods from the company, to the freight transportation company, and finally to the end client. They will have a database system to track all inventory. They will monitor inventory levels to make sure that a backlog of supply occurs. An additional responsibility of transportation and logistics specialist is to account for accurate transportation times. It is vital for companies to be able to rely and trust that their shipments will arrive in a timely manner. Being well organized accounts for much of this success, but the ability to transport the shipments quickly is also important. Because the country’s infrastructure has improved with better maintained highways and interstates, transportation times have decreased. Freight transportation is more reliable now because companies can more accurately predict when a shipment will arrive. Some trucking companies will even guarantee the precise day and hour that a delivery will be made. This is very important because customer satisfaction is often based around on-time deliveries and accurate accounting of merchandise. This has also helped to reduce the cost of shipping freight, since trucking companies now have reliable, more direct routes to utilize. It indirectly affects cost because better roads create less wear and tear on shipping vehicles. It is important for the organization to answer all e-mail and phone calls from customers within an hour. If possible, the owner of the business, personally take care of the problem. This will show that the organization cares about customers and will improve the service quality of the organisation. This is an important area of improvement in South Africa as clients would be able to trust load carriers as they would be in constant contact. It will give customers peace of mind if they can continuously monitor their cargo themselves and also stay in contact with their company. The organisation should offer as many contact methods as possible. Allow customers to contact you by e-mail. Hyperlink the e-mail address so customers won’t have to type it. Offer toll free numbers for phone and fax contacts. Some trucking companies have contact numbers written on their trucks so that the customers can be able to contact that particular company when they need their service. The organisation should invite customers to company meetings, luncheons, workshops or seminars in the meeting the manager can inform the customers about when the products will be available in the market because it is important to give customers more than they expect. Create special events for the customers like parties, barbecue’s, dances etc. This will make them feel important when the company include them in regular business operations and special events (Larry Dotson, 2004) If a logistic team only concentrates on reducing freight cost, they could potentially lower customer service quality. Therefore, the goal of a logistics manager, or third party administrator, is to find a balance between cost and customer satisfaction. They must also be able to provide accurate tracking information, correctly estimate shipping cost, and be able to calculate delivery dates and times. By being organized, keeping cost low for the clients, and by making on time deliveries, freight management can help control the overall customer satisfaction of their clients. Reducing cost in freight transport is great, but if you can improve customer service at the same time, that’s even better. Logistics software can help reduce costs in freight transportation and logistics while improving customer service quality. (Barone, 2003) In the South African industry research shows that there should be plans to shift back to rail-freight and reduce that of road as the overall cost of damage to roads will eventually filter down in costs to the customer. Although currently there are greater cost savings and cost competition in using road freight. Measuring Customer Service. Measuring customer service in logistics for any organization is crucial to determine whether the organization is doing what the customers are expecting. The needs of the customers differ to a large extent and the reason being is not all customers are treated the same. Since the needs of the customers differ to a large extent, organizations end up knowing so little in general about the customers’ real requirements hence they end up setting the service levels that are too high and hence too costly (Ballou, 1978). The high service levels result also in higher distribution costs and therefore the overall price of a product. Even though the aim of any organization is to meet the needs of each and every customer, the organizations should however try to generalize about customer service as much as possible to drive down the costs. The problem that is encountered while trying to measure the customer service is what factors to measure exactly. There has always been a contradiction on whether the service levels should be determined by the customers or be set by the organizations. The firms normally select factors that are easier to measure such as order handling, order picking times whereas customers might be interested or concerned about the order transmittal and delivery which tend to be more difficult to measure. Therefore to determine those factors or aspects that the customers value the most, the organizations normally use the performance model (Murphy and Wood, 2004). The performance model is a questionnaire that the customers fill on receipt of their orders; its main objective is to determine the percentage of times the firm accomplishes specific goals and objectives. Managers normally set some visible goals against which performance can be measured. These come in two forms; standards and policy statements (Ballou, 1978). The managers might for example set a standard whereby the target is to ensure a 95% in-stock rate, filling customer orders within 24 hours of receipt or a one day order cycle time for all customers staying close to the organization. Against these standards managers can be able to tell if they are meeting and exceeding the customer service levels the organization had set. I should be further noted that it is inefficient and costly to provide more service than the customer expect or requires hence the firm should try to meet to break-even. Some companies take customer service seriously in a sense that they even have the written printed statements. The policy statements promise the customers that the company intends to act in a specified way with regard to service. There are five ways in which the organizations measure or test the customer service levels (Gwilliam M, 2008). Firstly, if the organization is able to fill the orders then it must be meeting the customers’ expectations. Normally the acceptable standard is the 95% fill rate whereby it is only 5% of the time when there is stock out. Secondly it is the delivery of the goods on time. It is vital to measure how fast the organization can deliver the products that have been ordered. If most of the time the goods are not delivered at the targeted date then major changes need to be done. Furthermore, it is important to measure how successfully the customers’ concerns can be resolved. Since the customers use the enquiries to express their concerns, the proportion of the number of customer enquiries that have been effectively resolved can be used as a means of measuring customer service given the number of enquiries that have been received. Another way to measure customer service can be how quick the organization responds to the customers’ mails, emails, and phone calls. If the organization is able to respond to the customers within 24 hrs than the level of customer service is up to standard. The last way of measuring the customer service in logistics is by letting the customer decide. The customers can let the organization know if it is fulfilling the needs of its customers. The customer surveys that focus on the customer service issues can be conducted and from the response of the customer surveys the organization can be able to improve on the areas that the customers are not happy with. Once the level of customer service is known it becomes easier to control it. When the level of customer service is below the standard the customers become dissatisfied, however if the level of customer service is above or exceed what the customers require it increases the costs of the organization. Control is therefore defined as a process of taking corrective action when measurement indicates that the goals or objectives of customer service are not being achieved. For example, if the delivery targeted dates are not met there might be a need of changing the mode of transport or simply the route being used. Firstly the service level standards are set, and then the actual is compared to the standard. If there is a variation then the corrective measures need to be done so that the standard is met. At times the reason why the standard is not met is because it was set too high that it cannot be matched, in this case the standard itself needs to be revised. Conclusion â€Å"The success of South Africa’s infrastructure growth challenges will be dependent on the ability of logistics infrastructure and, in particular, transportation, to cope with the demands placed on it. †(Engineering news, 2007). In the future the quality of customer service will be the main determining factor in the survival of a company as customers become more aware of product offerings that will suit them. The transportation industry in South Africa is changing, with greater emphasis being placed on the customer and their level of satisfaction. This will bring a greater move forward in the industry that will see South Africa competing on the world stage in terms of transportation. Customer service is vital to the survival of any company, organisation or industry and establishing and implementing customer service policies that work is what will lead organisations and industries to greater growth and success. How to cite Customer Service in the Transport Logistics, Papers

Conference On Information Systems Shanghai †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Conference On Information Systems Shanghai? Answer: Introduction The audit report is the opinion given by the auditor on the fairness of the financial statements constructed by the management of organisation. The organisational management is responsible for the construction of the financial statement for the financial year showing the business activities and the position of the company in the financial term. The audit report should be prepared with integrity and subjectivity. The main motive of the audit report is only to give an opinion over the truthfulness and fairness of the financial statement. The audit report prepared by the auditor should be easy to understand by the general public and investors. The audit report should state the responsibility of the auditors while conducting the audit of the financial statement and then the opinion of the auditor is given (Pilcher, 2009). The audit report should be specific and does not indicate two meanings. The diversification in the audit reporting requirement is done with a motto to provide a better transparency in the audit report provided by the auditor of the company after analyzing the financial statement of the company. The following changes are made in the audit reporting format: These matters are same as introduced but these matters are identified by the auditor of the company independently (Kim, et. al., 2011). These Critical Audit Matters are used by the PCAOB to identify the important areas of the financial statement that are important for the audit. The financial statement of the company is prepared as per the going concern concept. Going concern implies that the company will engage in the operations of the business till foreseeable future as can be seen by the management of the company. With the increasing complexities of the organizations came the recognition of the growing need and importance of reporting of financial statements. The simple and clear motto of the general reporting on financial statements is to give the best available information of financial statements to the lenders, other creditors, potential and existing investors about the reporting entity in making the decision for providing assets, resources, and capital to the entity (White, et. al., 2005). Qualitative characteristics that are required to provide important, functional and required information of financial statements are distinguished by the framework Enhancing and growing characteristics like understandability, verifiability, comparability and timeliness. Basic and fundamental characteristics which are faithful representation and relevance Relevant and important financial information is having an ability of creating a contrast to the decision on the financial statements taken by the users. But in order to make a difference in the decisions by the users, information of financial statement has value of conformity, predictive value or both. Faithful and trustworthy representation substitutes the formerly existing term reliability from when the board identified there is a absence of usual and mutual reliability comprehension (Williams Wilmshurst, 2009). Information of the financial statement of the organization that loyally and trustworthily represents economic phenomenon is having three features as follows: It is free from error It is complete It is neutral Name of the company: AGL Energy Limited Disclosure requirement as per AASB 116: The financial statement of accounts should disclose, for every category of property, plant, and equipment: Method of depreciation used by the company, Rate of depreciation used or the useful lives, Bases for measurement used for analyzing and determining carrying amount which is to be grossed, The carrying amount which is grossed and the collected depreciation at the beginning and at the termination of time; and Reconcilement of the amount of carrying at starting and at the termination of time showing: Acquisition through the combination of business; Assets determined as held for sale purpose or comprised in a class of disposal identified as held for sale in relation to AASB 5 and another disposal. In the AGL Directors opinion there were no recognizable changes in the statement of affairs that occurred during the financial year other than those comprised in Directors report(AASB, 2010); Losses of impairment identified in other identified as profit and loss in relation to AASB 5 and other disposals; As per AASB 136, losses of impairment reverted in gains or loss. As per the context of AASB 136, Raise or reducing in resulting from assessing under the paragraphs 31, 39, AUS 39.1, 40 AUS 40.1 and AUS 40.2 and by losses of impairment identified or reverted in other inclusive revenue. The dissimilarity of net exchange arising from the rendering the financial statements from the useful currency into a diverse currency of presentation, comprised of the metaphrasing of action into the presentation of currency of the enterprise which is reporting; and Distinct charges The statements of final accounts must state the information regarding the following parts - (a) A number of expenditures identified in the property, plant, and equipments amount of carrying of an item of in the way of its erection; (b) If separately it is not mentioned while taking into account income statement, the money that is received by way of compensation from the external third party route for the items of PPE that were adrift, given up or impaired that is comprised of profits and losses (Yao, et. al., 2015). (c) The agreed commitment that is made on the legal contract terms amount for the taking over of PPE in the business of its erection. (d) Existence and amounts of property, plant, and equipment and restriction on title undertaking as security for liabilities. According to the conceptual framework, information relating to the financial statement is important when it represents faithfully and is relevant what it pretends to represent. The importance of financial statements is intensified when it is verifiable, comparable, understandable and timely. The fundamental qualitative characteristics of the economics reporting convey that the accounts in the financial statement of the company should be showcased with prior dignity and integrity (Walker, 2003). The financial data should be adequately relevant to the users of the financial statement. AGL Energy Limited has explained the data of the assets in the annual report 2016 as per the disclosure laid down in AASB 116(AGLenergyLTD, 2016). AGL Energy Limited has met the criteria of the AASB 116 reporting requirements as per the findings in answer 2. Disclosure requirement that is mentioned in the AASB 116 has been reported timely by the AGL Energy Limited. Critical analysis of extent the disclosure on Plant, property, and equipment fulfil the basic and fundamental: Additional qualitative characteristics of Functional Information of Financial Statement: Comparability: Comparability authorizes users of the financial statements to identify and discover resemblance and dissimilarity among units, both between diverse time within a combination of financial statements and across diverse reporting organization or business units. Usage of techniquess to construct financial statements assists to attain comparability should be followed consistently. Timeliness: One of the qualitative characteristics of prevailing framework is Financial statement should be representing on time (AASB, 2004). However, preferably than stressing the stability between reporting on time and information which is reliable, the framework which is revised allude more wide to timeliness as being able to affect makers of decision. Verifiability: It is totally and entirely a new concept in the revised framework. Financial information when enables independent and knowledgeable observers to arrive at an agreement or assent on whether a distictive portrait of a transaction or an event is a trustworthy, faithful and independent representation then only it said to be verifiable. Generally, the motto of reporting is to provide relevant data of financial statements about the organisation of reporting that is functional to the investors which are potential and existing, lender and other trade payables in the formulation of decisions about providing the support to the business unit (Walker, 2003). The AASB 116 complies efficiently with the general purpose financial reportings objective. The AASB 116 provides detailed and relevant data about the assets of the company in general purpose financial statement. AASB 116 is also providing detailed and complete information about the useful life of assets over which the depreciation is to be apportioned. Conclusion From the above discussion the analyst had drawn a conclusion that AASB 116 provides the detailed information of PPE to the users of the accounts of the financial statement of the company. The basic motive of the general financial statement is to give true and fair financial information to the users of accounts of financial statements of the company. The analyst presumed that the basic motto of financial statement is grabbed by AASB in reporting of assets of the company. As an improvement company should also report the change in method of depreciation and result of such change in the financial statement accounts of the company. The block of assets of the company must show the assets included in the assets list covered by the same block. References: AASB, A. S. (2004). Presentation of Financial Statements. Balance Sheet, 68, 73. AASB. (2010). Property, Plant and management. Retrieved from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB116_07-04_ERDRjun10_07-09.pdf AGLenergyLTD. (2016). AGL 2016 Annual Report. Retrieved from https://agl2016.annual-report.com.au/ Haswell, S., Langfield?Smith, I. (2008). Fifty?Seven Serious Defects in AustralianIFRS. Australian Accounting Review, 18(1), 46-62. Kim, S., Poon, S. K., Young, R. (2011). Issues around firm level classification of IT investment. In Thirty Second International Conference on Information Systems Shanghai,. Disponible en: https://rp-www. cs. usyd. edu. au/ spoon/publications. html [consultado 4 Nov 2011]. Pilcher, R. (2009). Deconstructing local government performance and infrastructure measurement. Asian Review of Accounting, 17(2), 163-176. Walker, R. G. (2003). Objectives of financial reporting.Abacus,39(3), 340-355. White, G. L., Sondh, A. C., Fried, D. (2005). Analysis of Financial Statement.Analysis. Williams, B. R., Wilmshurst, T. (2009). The achievability of sustainable reporting practices in agriculture. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 16(3), 155-166. Yao, D. F. T., Percy, M., Hu, F. (2015). Fair value accounting for non-current assets and audit fees: Evidence from Australian companies. Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics, 11(1), 31-45

Value and Risk Management in construction UAE

An Evaluation of Current and Potential Future Application of Value and Risk Management into Construction Project Management Professional Services in the Construction Sector in the UAEAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Value and Risk Management in construction UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abstract: The UAE had an unprecedented boom in its construction sector between 2004 and 2008. This ended during the international financial crisis of 2008. As a result, the UAE Prime Minister issued a decree requiring all contractors to use green principles in construction projects. The high-end construction market responded by adopting stronger VRM practices. The state of VRM in the UAE is that it is growing in prominence. However, the professionals in the area are very few. In many cases, external consultants provide VRM services. The future of VRM in the UAE requires better training for undergraduate engineers, to supple ment the efforts of the existing postgraduate VRM professionals. General Structure of the Paper This paper has two main sections. The paper includes a literature review covering the essential background of both value management and risk management, and the result of the combination of the two, into value and risk management. The paper also presents the findings of a survey conducted to determine the VRM awareness levels of professionals in the construction sector in the UAE. The paper concludes by presenting the conclusions obtained in answer to the problem statement. Introduction The UAE is a regional leader in the application of VRM principles. This paper seeks to examine the issues that have an impact on VRM practices in the UAE and the implications of these issues for the future. The period between 2004 and 2008 will remain etched in the memory of the UAE as the heyday of the construction industry. In that time, value management did not command much respect because investors in the construction sector did not demand efficiency in their projects. They favored fast pace construction over cost management. The result of this attitude is that the UAE is now home to some of the most energy intensive skyscrapers in the world. Value and risk management is slowly finding its place in the construction sector. The rules have changed. It is no longer survival for the swiftest in the UAE, but survival of the fittest. This article examines the current state and future opportunities of value management in the UAE.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More VRM in the UAE In any business, value comes from business processes. The professional process of ensuring that a certain process yields maximum value for the stakeholder at the least cost is value management . The definition of value in this case is not just the financial value. Rather it is value in the context of the ba lanced scorecard, which covers the financial value, value from internal processes, value for the customer in question, and value in terms of transferable experience for the contractor . On the other hand, risk management is an active process of finding potential events or circumstances that can affect the progress of a project if they take place during the life of the project . The occurrence of risk must be uncertain. Otherwise, the event ceases to be a risk. Risks associated with the construction sector range from material defects to industrial action by workers. The cost of many construction projects is very high. This creates the need to manage risks as effectively as possible. Risk management involves the identification of potential events that will trigger the risk and determining the probability of occurrence of that event. After that, the risk manager quantifies the impact of the occurrence of risk-causing event on the project in terms of loss of life, time, money, and busin ess opportunities. It is possible to view risk management as a specialized form of value management because risk can erode the value of a project. It serves a preventative purpose. Value management on the other hand aims at increasing value from the processes by reducing costs or increasing the utility of the outcomes of the project . According to Karim, Berawi, Yahya, Abdul-Rahman, and Mohamed (2007) the value management process has three stages namely, value planning, value engineering and value analysis. Value planning takes place during the planning phase of the project. Value engineering occurs during construction, while value analysis takes place after the construction phase. Value analysis helps in the establishment of measures to ensure that the value gained during the value engineering process lasts throughout the useful life of the building. The risk management process involves risk identification, analysis, response, and monitoring . Risk identification and analysis take place during the planning of the project at the same time as value planning. Risk monitoring takes place throughout the active life of the project. The construction teams use risk indicators to monitor the risks. Risk response depends on whether the risk events take place or not. If a risk occurs, risk response takes place. The amalgamation of risk management (RM) and value management (VM) into risk and value management (RVM) comes from the relative similarity of the objectives of these two aspects of construction management. Focusing on RM only can erode value while focusing on VM only can introduce high risks to the project .Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Value and Risk Management in construction UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rising stature of VRM in the UAE is as a direct result of the events that took place between 2004 and 2008 in the construction sector . In 2004, the construction sector in th e UAE was experiencing unprecedented growth. The country was on the path to achieve its dream of becoming a transport, trade, and commercial hub in the Middle East . This led to an increase in the number of the immigrants looking for work in the Emirates. In addition, many traders were coming to the UAE to close business deals. The result was that the demand for housing and commercial buildings grew. The country saw the construction of an unprecedented number of new buildings to meet the rising demand. Since investment funds were flowing, the speed of construction became the driving force. VM was not central to project planning in the construction industry. The UAE ended up undertaking projects that delivered buildings with the highest energy consumption in the world . In 2008, the UAE economy went through a downturn occasioned by the global financial crisis triggered by the US real estate market . Since that year, there has been a growing appreciation of the role VM can play in the construction industry. The shift towards VM goes back to 2007 when Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Prime Minister of the UAE, issued a decree that ordered players in the construction industry to conform to a newly established green standard in their projects . The decree took effect in January 2008 just when the global financial crisis was hitting the UAE. From that time, there has been a steady increase in the number of construction companies using VM in order to meet project goals and the regulatory goals. Evidence in literature suggests that the current state of application of VRM in the UAE is uncoordinated. While there is widespread recognition of the potential saving the use of VRM can bring to projects, the practice is not widespread. It appears that the planning processes of construction projects do not include VRM. A case in point is the low-income housing project in Musaffah, Abu Dhabi in which VRM principles were not part of the planning process . Some of the design choices made by the project planners seemed unsuited for the construction projects. For instance, the houses contained some utilities such as gas-powered central heating, which is not fitting for low-income housing . In addition, the water tanks positioned outside on the roofs of the houses started malfunctioning after three years, yet the project requirements stated that the life cycle for each house was to be twenty-five years . The main contention resulting from this situation is that project planners did not carry out VRM with the users of the house in mind.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rather, the designers used uneconomical design options to raise their design fees since they charge a percentage of overall project cost. The current application of VRM in construction projects in the UAE is also a reflection of the little manpower available to conduct VRM. The VRM Survey Methodology A VRM survey conducted for this project revealed several issues regarding the current and future prospects of VRM in the UAE. The survey involved professionals working in the construction industry with decision-making responsibilities. Results The key findings of the survey were that only ten percent of the engineering professionals in the construction sector have any form of training in VRM, and none of the respondents have participated in a VM program. VM training in the UAE is available in postgraduate courses in construction management. The graduates do not all go to practice VRM hence the lack of involvement in any VRM project. The fact that most professional engineers in the UAE w ithout postgraduate qualifications have not formal training in VRM may indicate the low skill levels in the area of VRM in the country. Other findings in the survey showed that there is a general understanding of what RM is, but the views of respondents on VM did not demonstrate a strong grasp of the concept. When asked about their understanding of VM, most of the respondents used cost savings as the main issue in VM. The answers included phrases like, â€Å"help clients reduce costs†, â€Å"managing expenses in construction†, and â€Å"having the best quality with least money†. Forty percent of the respondents had no idea what VM meant. There seemed to be a perception that VM is part of project scope management because many responses included phrases talking about time, quality, and money. The responses for a similar question relating to RM showed a better understanding of RM in a project. RM is a core part of undergraduate construction courses hence it is not surprising that most of the respondents were articulate about RM. None of the respondents had any experience in analyzing the benefits of VRM exercise because none of them had participated in a VRM exercise. All the respondents felt that the application of VRM in the UAE should continue. The responses depended on their understanding of VRM in the first place. One respondent pointed out that VRM activities take place in large projects only. Therefore, there is a need to downstream the practice. Another respondent also added that the practice of VRM in the UAE is selective. The project managers choose to implement some elements and ignore others. This leads to low return from the VRM process, which requires implementations throughout the project cycle. Based on this survey, the need to make VRM conventional is obvious. If the professionals in the construction industry do not have a clear understanding of the basics of VRM, then the construction industry will not have people who can ch ampion for VRM. The best way to tackle this gap is to include VRM in the training curriculums of all construction courses. Even if this does not produce VRM consultants, it will empower these professionals to evaluate the benefits of VRM in construction projects. The current model where consultants carry out all VRM activities is not sustainable for nationwide impact. If project initiators do not want to spend money on consultants, a project does not benefit fully from VRM. Training all professionals in the industry to understand VRM will increase the appreciation and application of VRM in the industry. In conclusion, while the data available from industry sources such as The Oxford Business Group may suggest a vibrant VRM environment in the UAE, the data collected for this project shows that there are serious training gaps in VRM in the UAE. Industry publications are niche publications hence they may report in detail issues having an effect on a very small part of the overall envir onment. Conclusions The main conclusions from this project are as follows. VRM is increasing in importance in the UAE, partly because of intervention by the state, and partly because of the lessons learnt after the global financial crisis. The decree by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Prime Minister of the UAE that took effect in 2008 requires all construction projects to use green principles in construction. VRM is an essential part of ensuring all green projects meet the requirements of the decree. Secondly, there is inadequate capacity in the UAE to mainstream VRM across the construction sector. This conclusion comes from the survey conducted for the purposes of this project to find out the current level of manpower available to push forward the VRM agenda in the UAE. If UAE can train professionals at all levels, then it will improve the practice of VMR in the country. Thirdly, the Engineering Associations in the can play a part in mainstreaming VRM by conducting train ing seminars for all engineers working in the UAE. Currently the training levels of VRM are too advanced. Undergraduate engineers do not have the skills and experience needed to implement VRM in their settings. Finally, institutions of higher learning in the UAE need to include VRM as part of the coursework for all construction courses at undergraduate level. This will serve to increase the capacity of the country to make VRM a part of construction planning for all sizes of projects. References Abdellatif, MA Othman, AA 2008, ‘Improving the Sustainability of Low Income Housing Projects: The Case of Residential Buildings in Musaffah Commercial City in Abu Dhabi.’, Emirates Journal of Engineering, vol 11, no. 2, pp. 47-58. Davies, RH Davies, AJ 2011, Value Management: Translating Aspirations Into Performance, Gower Publishing, Surrey. Gordon, RJ 2012, ‘Is U.S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds NBER, vol 18315, pp. 1-23. Jaapar, A Torrance, JV 2010, ‘Contribution of Value Management to the Malaysian Construction Industry: A New Insight’, Faculty of Architecture, Planning Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Karim, SBA, Berawi, MA, Yahya, IA, Abdul-Rahman, H Mohamed, O 2007, ‘The Integration of Value and Risk Management In Infrastructure Projects: Learning from Others’, Quantity Surveying International Conference., Value Management Centre (VMC), Faculty of the Built Environment, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumper. Koenig, M Meissner, J 2011, ‘Risk Minimizing Strategies for Revenue Management Problems with Target Values. ‘, Working Paper, Department of Management Science, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster University Press, Lancaster. KPMG 2003, ‘Internal Audit’s Role in Modern Corporate Governance’, Risk and Advisory Services, KPMG, KPMG, Hong Kong. Meredeth, JR Mantel, SJ 2011, Project Management: A Manager ial Approach, 8th edn, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Othman, AA 2005, ‘Value and Risk Management Protocol for Dynamic Brief Development in Construction’, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, vol 10, no. 2, pp. 23-36. Othman, AA 2008, ‘Incorporating Value and Risk Managemen Concepts in Developing Low Cost Housing Projects ‘, Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, vol 13, no. 1, pp. 45-52. Siterman, E 2009, Value engineering in Dubai, https://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-6484-value-engineering-in-dubai#.UK-MnuR1-OH. The Oxford Business Group 2008, The Report: Dubai 2008, Oxford Business Group, Dubai. This essay on Value and Risk Management in construction UAE was written and submitted by user Giancarlo Russell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The role of ApoE and its isoforms in Alzheimer’s disease The WritePass Journal

The role of ApoE and its isoforms in Alzheimer’s disease The role of ApoE and its isoforms in Alzheimer’s disease IntroductionThe ApoE gene (Physiological Functions)The ApoE isomersApoE AÃŽ ² Aggregation (Fibrillogenesis)AÃŽ ² Clearance by ApoE ApoE and Neuronal InflammationConclusionBibliographyRelated Introduction Research into the genetic causes of Alzheimer’s disease have progressed considerably and currently at least three different genes are known to be linked with AD pathogenesis. Of these the apolipoprotein gene E (APOE), an amino acid glycoprotein, is one of the main focus of research over the last decade or so and significant associations between one particular isoform of the gene and the onset of AD have been reported. This isomer, referred to as the ApoE 4 allele, has been implicated in AD pathogenesis while other forms of the gene the ApoE 2 and the ApoE 3 have been reported to have a protective effect against the onset of AD. Though research has confirmed this variable effect of the different forms of the ApoE gene, there is still a lack of concrete evidence as to the exact pathway and the mechanism by which ApoE 4 contributes to neurodegeneration in AD patients.   A brief review of related research would provide us more insight into the various pathological actions of Apo E 4 and how these multiple factors could lead to a gradual cognitive decline which is symptomatic in Alzheimer’s patients. The ApoE gene (Physiological Functions) ApoE is an amino acid glycoprotein that is found mainly in the liver and the brain. In the brain, ApoE is predominantly secreted by the astrocytes. Two other forms of apolipoproteins namely ApoA-1 and ApoJ are also found in the brain. In vitro studies of these two genes have so far suggested that both of them exhibit a neuroprotective effect. Both these proteins bind to AÃŽ ² and therefore are thought to reduce AÃŽ ² aggregation in the brain which is a known marker of AD.   However, in vivo studies have not replicated such results and so the protective roles of ApoA-1 and ApoJ are not yet clear.   The ApoE supports cholesterol equilibrium by serving as a ligand during endocytosis of lipoprotein particles by LDL receptors. Research is divided in the opinion that the cholesterol released from ApoE mediated endocytosis process is actually used for improving the synaptic connections or the synaptic plasticity. Mice based in vivo studies have not attested to this synaptogenesis. (Kim et.al, 2009) The ApoE isomers Three single nucleotide polymorphisms of the ApoE gene are commonly identified in humans. These are the apoE2 (cys112, cys158), apoE3 (cys112, arg158), and apoE4 (arg112, arg158) respectively. (Kim et.al, 2009) The structural and functional aspects of the three isomers of ApoE are totally altered though they differ by only one or two amino acid positions.   Studies have reported strong immune-reactivity of the human apoE4 gene on amyloid plagues and the apoE4 isomer has been associated with having a strongest risk factor for AD. Some studies such as (Bertram et al., 2007) and (Bertram et al., 2009) have attested to this role of the apoE4 isomer in AD.   Bertram et al., 2009 for instance reported that people with a single copy of the apoE4 gene had a three fold increase in risk for AD, while the   risk was 12 fold among those with a dual copy of the ApoE4 gene.   The results from studies also suggest the possible role of some environmental factors as research based on some eth nic groups have revealed that the ApoE 4 gene does not have a significant effect on AD. ApoE AÃŽ ² Aggregation (Fibrillogenesis) Several research studies have focused upon the potential role of ApoE 4 in causing AÃŽ ² aggregation and neuronal degeneration. This direct interaction between the ApoE 4 with beta amyloid is attributed in the pathogenesis of the disease. Therefore it was hypothesized that increased levels of ApoE 4 in the brain corresponded to increased formation and thickness of amyloid plaques. The findings from one comprehensive study by Tiraboschi et.al (2004) validated this hypothesis. The researchers in this study confirmed increased plaque density corresponding to increased levels of ApoE 4. This positive association was again confirmed by a more recent study by Reiman et.al (2009). The researchers of this study used an amyloid detecting agent such as Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) along with positron emission tomography to detect the levels of fibrillar AÃŽ ² in the subjects. The researchers then correlated this information among individuals with varied genetic risks. The results from the study clearly revealed that ApoE 4 homozygotes had the highest risk (91%) for developing AD while ApoE 4 heterozygotes had a moderate risk of 47% and finally ApoE 4 non carriers had only 20% risk of having AD. Furthermore, the mean age of onset of AD was also vastly different with ApoE 4 homozygotes at 64, heterozygotes at 76 and 84 years of age among non carriers.   This longitudinal study clearly provides positive evidence connecting the ApoE 4 gene with a high risk for AD.   Thus there is enough evidence that ApoE 4 gene may aid in ï ¬ brillogenesis and consequent cognitive decli ne. (Reiman et.al 2009). AÃŽ ² Clearance by ApoE Some studies have shown that ApoE by binding with soluble AÃŽ ² promotes the cellular uptake and ingestion of the ApoE –AÃŽ ² complex   Ã‚  by endocytosis.   However, isomer specific results for this ApoE facilitated cellular uptake of AÃŽ ² are still awaited.   Research has also focused on the possible clearance of   AÃŽ ² from the brain via the blood brain barrier. However, there is growing evidence that ApoE 4 might actually hinder or reduce this clearance of AÃŽ ².   Deane et.al (2008), a study based on mice reported that the clearance rate of ApoE 4 –AÃŽ ² complex is much lower than that for the ApoE2 and ApoE 3 complexes. Other recent studies such as Bell et.al (2007) and Ito et.al (2007) that focused on studying the AÃŽ ² clearance in humans found that the clearance rate along the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) was significantly lower for the ApoE 4 –AÃŽ ² complex compared to that of simple AÃŽ ² peptides.   These studies offer enough evidence that ApoE 4 might actually increase the fibrillogenesis by directly affecting the AÃŽ ² metabolism in the brain. By reducing the clearance rate and promoting aggregation ApoE 4 gene definitely poses an increased risk factor for AD. ApoE and Neuronal Inflammation Several studies have reported that ApoE has marked anti inflammatory properties which explain the surge in their production in the aftermath of an injury. These studies hypothesize that ApoE is needed for maintaining the cholesterol homeostasis, and in particular for increasing the availability of cholesterol for neuronal repair and improving the synaptic plasticity subsequent to brain injury. (Slezak Pfriege, 2003 ). However studies have also reported differences in neurite growth and synaptic plasticity post neuronal insult in animal studies based on the genotype.   One transgenic mice study found that neuronal growth and synaptogenesis were markedly lower among ApoE 4 transgenic mice compared to ApoE3 transgenic mice. (White et.al, 2001) An extensive review of the neuroprotective effects of the various ApoE isomers by (Cambon et al, 2000) clearly showed differential effects between the isomers. Most of the studies reported that ApoE3 promoted synaptic plasticity and neurite gro wth. However similar positive results were not witnessed in the case of ApoE 4 alleles with some studies even reporting the negative effects of ApoE 4 on synaptic plasticity and neuronal growth.   Colton et.al (2004) found that the anti-inflammatory effects vary drastically between the ApoE isomers.   The researchers studied this variability in anti-inflammatory response triggered by the ApoE 3 and ApoE4 isomers by using in vivo experiment conducted on ApoE knockin mice. By studying Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated inflammatory responses the researchers observed the differences between the isomers. The inflammatory response was much greater in the ApoE 4 knockin mice when compared to the ApoE3 Knockin mice. These studies suggest that the anti inflammatory response maybe less active in ApoE 4 and this might lead to neuronal damage as witnessed in AD patients.  Ã‚   (Kim et.al, 2009) Conclusion The review of studies has revealed that the ApoE isomers have differential effects on the AÃŽ ² metabolism in the brain. While the ApoE 2 and ApoE 3 isomers have been reported for their protective effects the ApoE 4 allele clearly seems to contribute to the AD pathogenesis. Results from recent fibrillar PET imaging studies suggest a clear positive correlation between the ApoE 4 allele and the density of amyloid plaque formation. It is clear that by slowing down clearance of AÃŽ ² as well as contributing to its aggregation in the brain, the ApoE 4 allele increases the susceptibility of a person for AD. It is also possible that the ApoE 4 also lowers the protective function by increasing the neuronal inflammatory response and by hindering neurite growth. More studies are necessary to understand the complex relationship between ApoE and AÃŽ ² and the levels of different isomers of ApoE and their corresponding impact on Neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, etc. Bibliography Jungsu Kim, Jacob M. Basak, David M. Holtzman, (Aug 13th 2009), The Role of Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer’s disease, Neuron 63. Bertram, L., McQueen, M.B., Mullin, K., Blacker, D., and Tanzi, R.E. (2007) Systematic meta-analyses of Alzheimer disease genetic association studies: the AlzGene database. Nat. Genet. 39, 17–23. Bertram, L., McQueen, M.B., Mullin, K., Blacker, D., and Tanzi, R.E. (2009). The AlzGene Database Alzheimer Research Forum available at, alzgene.org. Eric M. Reiman, Kewei Chen,Xiaofen Liu et.al (Apr 2009), Fibrillar amyloid-ÃŽ ² burden in cognitively normal people at 3 levels of genetic risk for Alzheimers disease, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  ;  106(16): 6820–6825. Bell, R.D., Sagare, A.P., Friedman, A.E., Bedi et.al (2007). Transport pathways for clearance of human Alzheimer’s amyloid beta-peptide and apolipoproteins E and J in the mouse central nervous system. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 27, 909–918. Ito, S., Ohtsuki, S., Kamiie, J., Nezu, Y., and Terasaki, T. (2007). Cerebral clearance of human amyloid-beta peptide (1-40) across the blood-brain barrier is reduced by self-aggregation and formation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 ligand complexes. J. Neurochem. 103, 2482–2490 Part 2 Fibrillar amyloid-ÃŽ ² burden in cognitively normal people at 3 levels of genetic risk for Alzheimers disease   (Reiman et.al 2009) This research study by Reiman et.al (2009) hypothesized that fibrillar amyloid accumulation is an early development in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.   The researchers further hypothesized that the fibrillar amyloid accumulation precedes any recognizable symptoms of cognitive decline. Amyloid plaques are a distinct feature of AD as observed from post mortem studies. Given the hypothesis that fibrillar AÃŽ ² accumulation is observed even in healthy, non symptomatic adults, the researchers intended to study the effect of fibrillar AÃŽ ² burden as a predictor of future onset of AD on adults with normal cognitive function using Ante mortem  brain imaging studies. For this study, the researchers used Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB), a radio ligand that binds only with the fibrillar AÃŽ ² species. Earlier studies have also used this PIB for imaging studies of live human brain to observe the formation of fibrillar AÃŽ ² in healthy adults. This study by the authors is aimed to extend the previous studies by providing a genetic risk analysis and to understand the predisposition to AD based on an individuals APOE genotype. The APOE genotypes were identified by using blood sample analysis. The researchers used fluorodeoxyglucose PET, volumetric MRI and neuropsychological tests. Fibrillar imaging was done using 3 dimensional HR+ scanner.   The subjects of this study were all cognitively normal and late middle aged people representing a mixture of APOE genotypes. This was a longitudinal study and the subjects were assessed every 2 years. The researchers observed that cerebral glucose metabolism levels of those subjects carrying dual copy of the ApoE 4 (homozygotes) was significantly lower than that of the heterozygotes and the non carriers. With the PiB Pet images the researchers compared and correlated the fibrillar burden with the genetic risk to understand the predisposition for AD between the various isomers. The average Pittsburgh(PiB) distribution volume rations(DVR), which is a measure of the fibrillar AÃŽ ² accumulation, was on increase in all the three different groups in the 2 years period. One of the homozygote subjects developed mild amnesia and her DVR was close to that of an AD patient. Overall of all the 28 subjects (8 homozygotes, 8 heterozygotes and 12 non carriers), the ROI measurements pertaining to the different brain regions such as temporal, parietal, posterior cingulate-precuneus, basal ganglia, etc, was the highest among the homozygotes. The researchers used statistical analysis and found that the homozygotes had considerably higher ROI values when compared to the non carriers (P   .05) while the difference between the heterozygotes and the non carriers was not significant (.05   P   .11). When correlated the APOE4 and Fibrillar AÃŽ ² burden was found to be significant among both homozygotes and heterozygotes compared with the non carriers. The study authors successfully found that even in cognitively normal individuals there is a positive correlation between ApoE 4 and fibrillar AÃŽ ². The results from the study suggest that the ApoE 4 is clearly associated with increased AÃŽ ² aggregation and decreased AÃŽ ² clearance. The following PET map clearly indicates the various regions of the brain that are affected by AÃŽ ² accumulation. Group A represents the homozygotes while group B and C represent the heterozygotes and non carriers respectively. Longitudinal studies are very effective in following the growth of fibrillar AÃŽ ² accumulation as they provide a clear pattern of disease progression even in the asymptomatic stage. People who are in late middle age who are at risk for AD would greatly benefit from a prophylactic intervention based on the brain mapping study and their ApoE genotype. This study clearly contributes to our understanding that the ApoE 4 is directly involved in the AÃŽ ² interaction and the formation of Amyloid Plaques. By considering live brain images for the study the authors were able to clearly confirm the association between the ApoE 4 and AÃŽ ² fibrillar density and predict the increased susceptibility of people with that genotype. This study has large implications for the treatment of AD. By proving that AÃŽ ² fibrillar formation precedes a perceivable cognitive decline, this study recommends early interventions particularly for people with ApoE 4 genotype, as the current AÃŽ ² modifying treatments would be more effective before extensive AÃŽ ² accumulation has occurred. The researchers advocate the use of brain imaging studies combined with genotype based risk assessment as a potentially powerful tool in preventive therapy for people who are at a genetically high risk for AD. One of the drawbacks of the study is the very small study sample. A large cohort based longitudinal study would have provided more conclusive confirmation of the study results. Bibliography Eric M. Reiman, Kewei Chen,Xiaofen Liu et.al (Apr 2009), Fibrillar amyloid-ÃŽ ² burden in cognitively normal people at 3 levels of genetic risk for Alzheimers disease, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.  ;  106(16): 6820–6825.

Business and Management Free-Sample for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Business and management are interrelated with each other. Application of effective management techniques assists the personnel of panies and organizations to carry out the business activities efficiently. For the achievement of efficiency in business activities, raw materials are a crucial factor (Gollenia, 2016). Within this, adherence to the integrated structure helps the personnel to create and develop effective plans. Involvement of the employees, stakeholders and shareholders within this process helps the personnel to ensure the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed plans in terms of the identified and the specified requirements. Maintenance of consistency in the execution of evaluation brings to the forefront the potential drawbacks in the products and services. Exposure of spontaneity in rectification of the drawbacks reflects the corporate attitude of the personnel (Weske, 2012). Herein, lays the true essence of the aspect of management . All these aspects seem tru e for Westfarmers. Theoretical framework provides a clearer understanding about the basic concepts related to the management of business activities. One of these theories is the contingency theory, which pels the managers to put on their thinking caps in terms of taking decisions for the betterment of the panies and organizations (Fadun, 2013). Maintaining pace with the current trends is an important proposition of this theory. This alignment helps the personnel of Westfarmers to maintain their position within the Australian market. Involvement of the employees, stakeholders, shareholders and agency partners in the decision-making process proves beneficial for Westfarmers in ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed plans in terms of the identified and specified requirements (Wong et al., 2014). Along with the contingency theory, systems theory proves beneficial for Westfarmers in terms of achieving successful pletion of the business activities. Viewing it from other perspectives, systems theory helps the personnel of Westfarmers to ensure the presence of defects within the devices. This reflects the consciousness of the personnel towards bestowing productive energy to the buyers. Hiring experts for detecting the presence of virus attacks or hacking interventions is an indication of effective utilization of systems theory by the Westfarmers personnel. Delving deep into the functionality of Westfarmers, for the production of efficient and productive energy, technologically advanced machines are required (Zhang & Wang, 2012). Negligence in this direction deprives the Westfarmers personnel from getting uninterrupted current flow for manufacturing efficient energy resources. This negligence is also an obstacle in terms of ensuring the smooth functioning of the internal parts of the devices. On the contrary, market research in terms of getting the advanced machines. However, ensuring financial flexibility is crucial for adopting mahines, whih aligns with the modern tehnology (Jeston & Nelis, 2014). Evaluation of the seleted device helps the personnel to ensure the effectiveness and applicability of the selected device in terms of the identified and specified requirements. Maintenance of consistency in the execution of evaluation brings noticeable improvements in the performance of Westfarmers. Exposure of consistency towards the evaluation upgrades the status of the Westfarmers in terms of enjoying petitive advantage over the contemporary brands. One of the noticeable facts within this is the adherence and pliance to the petitive policies, which helps the Westfarmers personnel to indulge into fair trades, transactions and deals with the contemporary brands (Fleischmann et al., 2014). The â€Å"fairness† in the earlier sentence aligns with the factor of quality, which is one of the major factors for attaining customer satisfaction. In order to manage the business activities, Westfarmers personnel abide by an integrated structure. As a matter of specification, within the management e ponents, such as sales, operations, finance and human resource management. Finance is an agent, which aters to the effective management of sales operations and human resource management. Flexibility in the financial aspect helps the Westfarmer personnel to introduce prospective schemes, offers and discounts for the buyers. Simultaneously with the success, failures also find its way. Countering this, emerging successful in ove ing the failures, qualifies Westfarmers as leader within the brands struggling for a firm place in the petitive market of Australia (Becker, Kugeler & Rosemann, 2013). The effective coordination between the functional units of the departments is the keystone towards managing the crisis period. The major drive behind this is the pliance to the risk assessment process, which is assistance towards reducing the i ntensity of the potential risk factors. Identification of the risks and their causes solves half of the problem. Application of known solutions further eases out the process of risk assessment. In case of failures, application of alternate solutions reflects the conscious attitude of the Westfarmer personnel in terms of ensuring the wellbeing of the customers (Weiss, 2014). Along with this, rating the risks projects the confidence of the personnel towards reducing the intensity of the risk factors. Emerging successful in this direction adds value to the roles and responsibilities of the managers. Involvement of the employees, stakeholders, shareholders and agency partners in this risk assessment process helps the organizational personnel in terms of ensuring the effectiveness of the implemented solution for carrying out the business activities (Rosemann & Brocke, 2015). Herein, lays the conjoined significance of business and management. Adherence and pliance to the risk assessment p rocess is an additional assistance in terms of reducing the instances of harassments, discriminations, conflicts among others. Apart from risk assessment, training forms an important ponent for Westfarmers personnel in terms of managing the business activities. Frequent training programs improve the grasping power of the employees on the basic management skills. Providing training to the employees on the operation of the devices brings efficiency in the business activities of the organization. Taking post-training tests enables the managers to test the capability of the employees to make practical application of the learnt skills in the workplace operations (Dumas et al., 2013). Moreover, trainings also prove essential in handling the emergency situations in an effective manner. Provision of adequate motivation and encouragement by the managers generates an urge among the employees to expose better performance. Maintenance of consistency from both sides in this context results in the exposure of professional performance of the Westfarmers personnel. Conscious attitude towards the reduction of carbon and smoke emission enhances the corporate social responsibilities of the organization (Chang, 2016). As a matter of specification, boycotting the utilization of carbon footprints in the manufacture of the energy resources proves advantageous for the organization, Westfarmers in mitigating the health hazards of the customers. This action expands the reputational status of the organization into a widespread one. Exposure of consciousness in this direction uplifts the corporate attitude of the personnel. This results in the establishment of professionalism in the workplace of the organization (Hutt & Speh, 2012). Provision of safe and fortable workplace to the employees results in the outpour of creative output, which takes the organization, Westfarmers to achieve high growth rate and a sound profit margin. Adoption of social media helps the organization, Westfarmers to expand the business. Putting the news of the newly launched devices makes the investors aware of the organizational issues. The means of social media supports the organization to increase the trafficking of the audience towards the brand image (Aalst, 2013). Levying authentic information to the customers, agency partners enhances the brand awareness of the organization. One of the noticeable features about Westfarmers is the effective management of human resources. Provision of training on the effective and judicious utilization of the organizational resources adds efficiency in the business activities. Viewing it from other perspective, this efficiency contradicts the issues of inadequate stock of raw materials. Attaching the concept of soial media here, advertising authentic information about the recruitment process systematizes the management of human resources (Rà ¶glinger, Pà ¶ppelbuß & Becker, 2012). Herein, management and business can be placed in an equal alignment, which establishes relevancy with the requirements of the discussion. Emerging successful in ove ing the challenges attains a different connotation towards management. Herein, the statement, â€Å"Failures are the stepping stones of success†, b es tautologically true. Dedication and mitment towards upgrading the services adds color to the steps, which leads to the path of success. On the contrary, negligence in this direction aggravates the hardness of the stones, which detach the organization from the identified and specified business requirements (Hutt & Speh, 2012). Herein, lays the interplay with the phases of success and failure of the organization, which adds value to the discussion. On the other hand, this interplay can be aligned with the organizational capability to restore lost glory and honor within the petitive ambience of the market. Different parameters of management helps Westfarmers broaden the perspectives of the managers. Risk assessment brings to the forefront the areas on which training needs to be delivered to the employees.   Effective and judicious utilization of the provided training adds efficiency in the business activities of the organization (Chang, 2016). Within this, utilization of the means, such as, social media acts as a promotional activity for the organization in terms of achieving large scale ustomer satisfaction. Specifically, execution of marketing mix supports the organization to align with their mission, vision and core values. Consciousness of the personnel in this direction adds to the organizational culture, which provides a better placement to the organization within the Australian market. Becker, J., Kugeler, M., & Rosemann, M. (Eds.). (2013).  Process management: a guide for the design of business processes. Springer Science & Business Media. Chang, J. F. (2016).  Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J., & Reijers, H. A. (2013).  Fundamentals of business process management  (Vol. 1, p. 2). Heidelberg: Springer. Fadun, O. S. (2013). Risk management and risk management failure: Lessons for business enterprises.  International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,  3(2), 225. Fleischmann, A., Schmidt, W., Stary, C., Obermeier, S., & Brger, E. (2014).  Subject-oriented business process management. Springer Publishing pany, Incorporated. Gollenia, L. A. (2016).  Business Transformation Management Methodology. Routledge. Hutt, M. D., & Speh, T. W. (2012).  Business marketing management: B2B. Cengage Learning. Jeston, J., & Nelis, J. (2014).  Business process management. Routledge. Rà ¶glinger, M., Pà ¶ppelbuß, J., & Becker, J. (2012). Maturity models in business process management.  Business Process Management Journal,  18(2), 328-346. Rosemann, M., & vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. In  Handbook on business process management 1  (pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Van Der Aalst, W. M. (2013). Business process management: a prehensive survey.  ISRN Software Engineering,  2013. Weiss, J. W. (2014).  Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Weske, M. (2012). Business process management architectures. In  Business Process Management  (pp. 333-371). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wong, W. P., Tseng, M. L., & Tan, K. H. (2014). A business process management capabilities perspective on organisation performance.  Total Quality Management & Business Excellence,  25(5-6), 602-617. Zhang, P., & Wang, C. (2012). The evolution of social merce: an examination from the people, business, technology, and information perspective.

Reflexive Managers in Contemporary Organisations Term Paper

Reflexive Managers in Contemporary Organisations - Term Paper Example Every manager has to realize that there is dual responsibility associated with this position as the individual has to both accomplish the organizational objectives and provide guidance to the subordinates in giving their best efforts. Moreover, the managers have to perform their self-assessment to review their own set of competencies and make sure that they possess the proficiencies required for assisting the subordinates or employees in contributing effectively within the enterprises (Cunliffe, 2013). In order to provide appropriate resources to the managers, the theorists of the organizational management field have stressed the need for utilizing the reflection process within their job responsibilities. In the present era, everyone has to act as a reflexive individual who continuously and critically thinks about the way an action is taken by the person. This analysis will allow the individual to assess the act from various perspectives so that he/she can review the perception held by the person and how others will perceive it (Bradbury, 2010; Gunia et al., 2012). Also, most of the contemporary organizations are supporting the designing and implementation of the training programs for the management positions in which managers are given adequate training for becoming the reflexive practitioners or reflexive managers (Broussine & Ahmed, 2013). The overall aim of such training sessions is to develop the critical thinking and self-assessment techniques in the managers so that they can reflect upon their own course of actions and be assured that a positive, complying and appropriate perception is created in the minds of the subordinates (Bolton, 2010). Moreover, it is stated by Hibbert (2012) that reflexive manager is mandatory for the modern day organizations as the expert has to critically evaluate his/her own practices at three instances i.e. before, during and after the decision/action.  

Nissan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nissan - Essay Example These cars were developed first in the late 1960s and have continued to be modified to adapt to the changing the changing trends to date. On the other hand, there is the Nissan Patrol is a suburban utility vehicle (SUV) that was developed around 1951 to compete with car brands such as Toyota’s Land Cruiser. This car has been advanced over the generations and currently it is in its sixth generation, which began in 2010. The Patrol occurs has a four-wheel drive and is available in either short-wheelbase with three doors or long-wheelbase with five door chassis. Both cars come in a variety of models that have continued to attract customers due to the continued development. The development of Nissan Skyline GT-R brand has a long history that is linked to the previous products developed by Nissan. Prince Automobile Company was the first company to use the word ‘Skyline’- they developed sedan cars that fell on a line of Skyline products. However, after the merger with Nissan-Datsun, it adopted the Skyline series of cars. Skyline cars were developed with rear wheel drive, an aspect that continued to the 1990s when other manufacturers started focusing on shifting the drive to the front wheels. The adoption of the GT-R cars for racing purposes made them to have direct market while at other instances some of the versions such as the KPGC110 2000 GT-R made very little sales, a situation that was attributed to a looming energy crisis at the time. Just before the development of Nissan Skyline GT-R, there was the S54 2000 GT-B that was a powerful racecar at the time. The GT-R series saw the development of PGC10 2000 GT-R, which made very impressive wins over a period of almost two years. There were a number of racing victories that were associated with this particular car from 1964 to the time it was discontinued in 1972. The Nissan Motorsport (Nismo) has been on the forefront of developing this car to

The aim of ISIS Essay Example for Free

The aim of ISIS Essay I known as Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant and Islamic State. The aim of ISIS is to create an Islamic state across Sunni areas of Iraq and in Syria. ISIS is known for killing dozens of people at a time and carrying out public executions and crucifixions. It has taken over large swaths of northern and western Iraq. The group currently controls hundreds of miles. It ignores international borders and has a presence from Syrias Mediterranean coast to south of Baghdad. It rules by Sharia law. Unable to serve under the new Iraq government after Saddam Husseins military was disbanded, former Iraqi soldiers became ISIS fighters. ISIS took Baquba, Iraq, as its capital and swore allegiance to Abu Omar al-Baghdadi as the group’s emir. Baghdadi’s real name is Hamed Dawood Mohammed Khalil al-Zawi; he was born in 1959. He used to work in the Iraqi security corps, then left after he embraced Salafist ideology in 1985. He was one of the most prominent promoters of Salafist ideology. He was made head of Jaish al-Taefa al-Mansoura then swore allegiance to al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia, which later formed, with other groups, the Mujahedeen Shura Council in Iraq. The leader called for attacks in the United States and France two countries that have been conducting airstrikes against ISIS in Iraq. The leader gave specifics on how to attack Westerners: Rig the roads with explosives for them. Attack their bases. Raid their homes. Cut off their heads. Do not let them feel secure. Hunt them wherever they may be. Turn their worldly life into fear and fire. Remove their families from their homes and thereafter blow up their homes. Al Qaeda has called for similar attacks in the past. But given ISIS radical support base, which believes ISIS leaders are the rightful sovereign leaders of all Muslims worldwide, the ISIS pronouncement carries more weight. There are two new elements in this policy, First, air strikes will not be restricted to areas where ISIS poses a threat to the U.S. Instead, they can strafe and bomb ISIS targets anywhere in Iraq, coordinating the strikes with assaults on the ground by Iraqi soldiers, militias, or Kurdish peshmerga. Second, these air strikes will take out ISIS jihadists not only in Iraq but also across the border in Syria. A senior official stressed that this part of the policy is not as open-ended as the speech makes it seem. Obama is  well aware that air strikes alone don’t produce victory. They need to be synchronized with ground assaults. And for now, there are no ground forces in Syria that can beat back ISIS. There are two big new elements in this policy: First, air strikes will no longer be restricted to areas where ISIS poses a threat to U.S. personnel. Instead, they can strafe and bomb ISIS targets anywhere in Iraq, coordinating the strikes with assaults on the ground by Iraqi soldiers, militias, or Kurdish peshmerga. Second, these air strikes will take out ISIS jihadists not only in Iraq but also across the border in Syria. A senior official stressed that this part of the policy is not as open-ended as the speech makes it seem. Obama is well aware that air strikes alone don’t produce victory. They need to be synchronized with ground assaults. And for now, there are no ground forces in Syria that can beat back ISIS.

Friendship in Dandelion Wine :: essays research papers

Friendship in Dandelion Wine How important is friendship in the lives of teenagers today? In the book Dandelion Wine friendship is one of the main and supporting themes that intertwines throughout the book. Friendship can come in all shapes and sizes, but when you lose a friend there are many affects. People can't imagine surviving high school and adolescence without their friends. John the best friend of Doug moves away, the aspects of losing his best friend were devastating bringing a turning point in to Doug's life with many affects. It was a sunny day until a sudden cloud came over Doug’s head, when the reality of John moving hit him (Bradbury 103) “John took the yellow and green train ticket solemnly from his pocket and they both looked at it'; (Bradbury 103). With this type of situation kids are forced to make decisions to cope with the environment around them. “Whether they’re gossiping on the telephone or huddled in school hallways, teen-agers are constantly reaching out to their friends. They can’t imagine surviving high school and adolescence without them.'; The very word of friendship is complicated in the world today. When someone leaves you for any reason you are going to miss him or her with many affects. As memories flow through your head remembering the person that left seems to get harder and harder. In the book Dandelion Wine John started to notice little things that he never noticed before, and this scared him for he was afraid that Doug wouldn’t remember him. & #8220;Shut your eyes, Doug. Now, tell me, what color eyes I got? Don’t peek. What color eyes I got?'; Douglas began to sweat. His eyelids twitched nervously. Aw heck, John that’s not fair. Tell me. Brown! John turned away. No sir. What you mean, no? You’re not even close!'; John closed his eyes. Turn around here, said Douglas. “Open up, let me see. It’s no use, said John. You’re forgot already. Just the way I said. Turn around here! Douglas grabbed him by the hair and turned him slowly. Okay Doug. John opened his eyes. Green.'; (Bradbury 105-106). The very sentimental aspect of these affects can help to shape yourself by the environment around you. “Maintaining friendship can cause a lot of anxiety among teens. One of the biggest issues is trust. Confiding in people can be tricky, a betrayal of a confidence can break a friendship'; (Ellis H1+).